Mosaic grassland landscapes are the most beneficial

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Meadows on which cows graze provide more than just agricultural production benef
Meadows on which cows graze provide more than just agricultural production benefits - they delight hikers too. (Photograph: Valentin Klaus / ETH Zurich)
Like forests, grassland provides numerous ecological, economic and social benefits. Researchers in the Swiss canton of Solothurn have investigated ways to maintain and improve these benefits.

Grass, clover and herbs are the foundation of Swiss agriculture: two-thirds of Switzerland’s agricultural land is grassland, much of which is barely suitable for arable farming. Vast areas of grassland are to be found primarily in the foothills of the Alps, in the Alps themselves and in the Jura Mountains. And grassland, in turn, is the basis for Swiss dairy and meat production.

However, in contrast to forests, whose ecosystem services such as timber production, water regulation, climate and recreation are firmly anchored in the public consciousness, grassland is rarely mentioned in terms of the diverse and numerous ecosystem services it provides for people. Yet it plays an even more important role in our food supply.

Grassland is an important carbon store and a haven for biodiversity. It protects against erosion and provides cultural services such as an attractive landscape with grazing animals that delights hikers and tourists. These are just a few examples of the many different benefits or functions that researchers attribute to grassland.


To understand how farming practices influence various ecosystem services, the researchers analysed the soils and plant communities of all the permanent grassland involved. Because different stakeholder groups prefer different ecosystem services, the researchers split their analysis into three groups for analysis: provisioning services, regulating services and cultural services.

"We’ve observed that farming practices have a significant effect on many ecosystem services," says Valentin Klaus, co-author of the study and senior scientist at ETH Zurich’s Institute of Agricultural Sciences. "However, there’s no one ’Swiss army knife’ of farming practice that delivers all’ecosystem services."

More aesthetics, less feed in extensive grassland

The greatest effect on ecosystem services was achieved by extensive farming without fertiliser. This includes, for example, semi-natural pastures and meadows. Such areas greatly enhance the benefits of biodiversity, soil protection and landscape aesthetics. On the other hand, extensive grassland farming significantly reduces the quantity and quality of feed production for farmers.

"This trade-off between feed production and cultural or regulating services is well known. However, we were able to clearly show that extensive grassland farming produces not only biodiversity benefits but also many societally relevant ecosystem services," Klaus says.

Meadows and pastures are very different

The researchers also found a pronounced effect on ecosystem services when grassland was used as pasture or meadow; in other words, depending on whether the area was predominantly grazed or mowed. But there were still trade-offs between services, Klaus says: "Pastures are richer in plant species, have a higher quality of animal feed and are beautiful because of the livestock that enrich the landscape. Meadows, on the other hand, produce a higher amount of animal feed, which is important to farmers." In addition, the plant communities in meadows are more aesthetic, because unfertilised meadows in particular contain the most flowering herbs.


As for why meadows and pastures provide such different services, Klaus attributes that to how the frequent mowing of meadows favours certain plant species while suppressing others. Meadows are also fertilised more intensively on average than pastures, which has an additional impact on many ecosystem services.

Organic grassland with few benefits

To Klaus’s surprise, organic farming had only a slight positive effect on the grassland’s ecosystem services. "Although we found more symbiotic fungi and a lower risk of nitrogen leaching in such areas, conventionally and organically farmed grassland performs roughly equally well in terms of all’ecosystem services," Klaus says. He assumes the reason for this weak effect of organic farming to be due to the high similarity in how conventionally and organically farmed grassland is managed. Both can be relatively intensively used with ample fertiliser.

As a result, it’s clear to Klaus that no one type of grassland management provides all’ecosystem services at the same time. "To specifically increase and promote grassland ecosystem services in our landscapes, we need a mosaic of the farming practices mentioned; in other words, a combination of areas with and without fertilisation as well as meadows and pastures next to each other," Klaus says. "As there’s no one ideal type of grassland, we always have to weigh up the pros and cons. We have to ask ourselves: Who’s benefiting the most from what kind of management and in what location’" If a meadow is used mainly to produce feed, biodiversity and other important services suffer. In extensive unfertilised meadows, meanwhile, farmers must reckon with considerable production losses. "If we want to sustain and facilitate the provision of all’ecosystem services, we need a combination of different grassland types at the farm and landscape level," Klaus says.

The researchers will now use these findings to support farmers,Öland cooperatives and cantonal authorities. The study also helps to balance the various demands and interests and to achieve a high level of ecosystem service multifunctionality at the landscape level.

Reference

Richter FJ, Suter M, Lüscher A, Buchmann N, El-Benni N, Feola-Conz R, Hartmann M, Jan P, Klaus VH: Effects of management practices on the ecosystem-service multifunctionality of temperate grasslands. Nature Communications, 07 May 2024 , doi: external page 10.1038/s41467’024 -48049-y call_made
Peter Rüegg